Astronomy Textbook Recommendations

High School
Prerequisites: Intro Physics and Calculus
 * Carroll and Ostlie - An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics

Stellar Physics

 * Phillips - The Physics of Stars
 * Clayton - Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis
 * Schwarzschild - Structure and Evolution of the Stars
 * Hansen, Kawaler, and Trimble - Stellar Interiors: Physical Principles, Structure, and Evolution
 * Jean-Louis & Monique Tassoul - A Concise History of Solar and Stellar Physics (Interesting read to gain insight into how the field developed into its modern form)

Compact Objects

 * Shapiro and Teukolsky - Black Holes, White Dwarfs and Neutron Stars: The Physics of Compact Objects
 * Glendenning - Compact Stars: Nuclear Physics, Particle Physics, and General Relativity

High Energy Astrophysics

 * Rosswog and Brüggen - Introduction to High Energy Astrophysics
 * Melia - High-Energy Astrophysics
 * Peterson - An Introduction to Active Galactic Nuclei
 * Frank, King, and Raine - Accretion Power in Astrophysics

Cosmology

 * Ryden - Introduction to Cosmology
 * Dodelson - Modern Cosmology
 * Weinberg - Cosmology

Galaxies

 * Sparke and Gallagher - Galaxies in the Universe: An Introduction [Errata]
 * Mo, van den Bosch, and White - Galaxy Formation and Evolution [Errata]
 * Binney and Tremaine - Galactic Dynamics

Radiative Processes

 * Rybicki and Lightman - Radiative Processes in Astrophysics
 * Chandrasekhar - Radiative Transfer (Dover Books)

Interstellar Matter

 * Draine - Physics of the Interstellar and Intergalactic Medium
 * Osterbrock and Ferland - Astrophysics Of Gaseous Nebulae And Active Galactic Nuclei
 * Tielens - The Physics and Chemistry of the Interstellar Medium

Observational Astronomy

 * Chromey - To Measure the Sky: An Introduction to Observational Astronomy
 * Birney, Gonzalez, and Oesper - Observational Astronomy

Radio Astronomy

 * Kraus - Radio Astronomy
 * Burke and Graham-Smith - An introduction to Radio Astronomy
 * Rohlfs - Tools of Radio Astronomy (reference)
 * Thompson, Moran and Swenson Jr. - Interferometry and Synthesis in Radio Astronomy (advanced)

Celestial Mechanics and Planetary Dynamics
See also the MAE's Orbital Mechanics books
 * Moulton - An Introduction to Celestial Mechanics (Dover Books on Astronomy) (Dated from 1914 but still a good read)
 * Murray and Dermott - Solar System Dynamics [Errata]

General Relativity

 * Hartle - Gravity: An Introduction to Einstein's General Relativity
 * Schutz - A First Course in General Relativity
 * d'Inverno - Introducing Einstein's Relativity
 * Carroll - Spacetime and Geometry: An Introduction to General Relativity (Intermediate level)
 * Wald - General Relativity (Advanced)
 * Misner, Thorne, and Wheeler (MTW) - Gravitation (Bible)